Error: A Microsoft SharePoint Foundation compatible app could not be found

Error:
A Microsoft SharePoint Foundation compatible app could not be found
or
'Edit Document' requires a Windows SharePoint Services-compatible application


Solution:
I've seen this error on both Windows and Mac computers when attempting to "Check-In" or edit a document to/from a SharePoint workspace.

First thing to ask is: 
Are you using Office 2007 or higher?
Then,
Do you have Microsoft SharePoint Foundation support feature installed for office on that machine?

In Windows with Office 2012:
On your computer (client machine):
Control panel > Programs and features > select Office 2010 > Change > Add or remove features > scroll down to "Office Tools" and enable "Microsoft SharePoint Foundation Support"

Alternatively,
Control Panel >  Add/Remove Programs > Office > click on it to make a "change" > When you get to the page that has all the features listed, find "SharePoint" Support Services > Set it to run.